{"id":610,"date":"2022-04-21T10:43:07","date_gmt":"2022-04-21T10:43:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/?page_id=610"},"modified":"2026-03-23T04:43:59","modified_gmt":"2026-03-23T04:43:59","slug":"e-e-2-analyse-the-development-of-informational-passages-set-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/e-e-2-analyse-the-development-of-informational-passages-set-2\/","title":{"rendered":"E- E.2 Analyze the development of informational passages: set 2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-text-color\" style=\"color:#00056d;text-transform:uppercase\"><strong> Analyze the development of informational passages: set 2<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-75ece9149f871bf676f540cbfb44f1bf\" style=\"color:#18357e\"><strong>key notes :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-94b419c6c19639593ac948c6b39508ba\" style=\"color:#28680d\">\ud83d\udd39 What is an Informational Passage?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A <strong>non-fiction text<\/strong> that gives <strong>facts, explanations, or real information<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examples: articles, reports, textbooks, biographies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-d7a234bba73cc206a3bd25e7418d23c6\" style=\"color:#a31a1a\">\ud83d\udd39 What Does \u201cDevelopment\u201d Mean?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How the author <strong>builds and explains ideas step by step<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It shows how a topic becomes <strong>clear and detailed<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-f894ddfa941bd8966950aa3ed89803d9\" style=\"color:#751010\">\ud83d\udd39 Identify the Main Idea<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>central message<\/strong> of the passage<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Usually found in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introduction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Topic sentences<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ask: <em>What is this passage mostly about?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-0d7f4f5707d4d2afc859f021053f8863\" style=\"color:#7e2222\">\ud83d\udd39 Supporting Details<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Facts, examples, statistics, or explanations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Help to <strong>prove or explain the main idea<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ask: <em>How does the author support the idea?<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-3e279eeca08bdd44786350a014db2ec9\" style=\"color:#9d2020\">\ud83d\udd39 Text Structure (Very Important!)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Authors organize information in different ways:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\ud83d\udccc <strong>Cause and Effect<\/strong> \u2013 shows reasons and results<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udccc <strong>Compare and Contrast<\/strong> \u2013 shows similarities and differences<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udccc <strong>Problem and Solution<\/strong> \u2013 presents an issue and how to fix it<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udccc <strong>Sequence\/Chronological<\/strong> \u2013 events in order<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udccc <strong>Description<\/strong> \u2013 explains a topic in detail<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-5ba29f4abdc9901aa1451eae92734156\" style=\"color:#671b1b\">\ud83d\udd39 Use of Evidence<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Authors include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Facts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Data<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Expert opinions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Strong passages have <strong>reliable evidence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-52f33bee85df83d4295fabbb73fdee18\" style=\"color:#7d1111\">\ud83d\udd39 Development Through Paragraphs<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Each paragraph:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Focuses on <strong>one idea<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Has a <strong>topic sentence + details<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Ideas are <strong>logically connected<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-2af6aa443e852e3a718fefe49f606349\" style=\"color:#771010\">\ud83d\udd39 Transitions and Linking Words<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Words like: <em>however, therefore, for example, first, next<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Help the passage <strong>flow smoothly<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-fe6bc47f5177a7fc8c8eeae0ef13cc65\" style=\"color:#a40b0b\">\ud83d\udd39 Author\u2019s Purpose<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Why did the author write this?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>To <strong>inform<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To <strong>explain<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To <strong>persuade<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding purpose helps analyze development<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-cdabf7d506cbc8102fcba1637d8d9fcb\" style=\"color:#870505\">\ud83d\udd39 Tone and Style<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tone = author\u2019s attitude (serious, neutral, informative)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Style = how the information is presented (formal, simple)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-7723768ec70a40beec65384564960fec\" style=\"color:#821616\">\ud83d\udd39 Logical Progression<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ideas move in a <strong>clear and organized order<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>No sudden jumps or confusion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-23d5e03b7b8569ecedf2941740da2ba3\" style=\"color:#8a1212\">\ud83d\udd39 Conclusion Development<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Final paragraph:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Summarizes key points<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Restates the main idea<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>May give final thoughts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color has-large-font-size\" style=\"color:#105000\"><strong>Learn with an example<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background has-large-font-size\" style=\"background-color:#f5d3f7\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>\ud83d\udce2 Read the text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color\" style=\"color:#b00012\"><strong>Manzanar: A Site of Conscience<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>On Sunday, 7 December 1941, Mary Tsukamoto abruptly stopped practicing the piano for her church&#8217;s upcoming Christmas programmed when she heard the news: Japan had attacked Pearl Harbor, the US naval base in Hawai&#8217;i. &#8216;The whole world turned dark,&#8217; she recalled. At the same time, Tom Kawaguchi left a public library in San Francisco, a city in the American state of California. On the way home, Tom feared that bystanders were &#8216;ready to pounce&#8217; on him. In the days that followed, all people of Japanese ancestry living in the US came under suspicion. Many politicians, military leaders and ordinary citizens believed that Japanese Americans would side with their country of ancestry, Japan, rather than their country of birth, America. Mary Tsukamoto and Tom Kawasaki were just two of nearly 112,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast whose lives would be forever altered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>US President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan the next day and on Germany and Italy three days later. Then, on 19 February 1942 he signed Executive Order 9066, authorizing the US military to carry out the exclusion and detention of American citizens and resident foreigners. Many people had been persuaded that collaboration from within was responsible for Japan&#8217;s success at Pearl Harbor. California Attorney General Earl Warren and other politicians claimed that the proximity of Japanese-owned farms to airstrips, harbors and train tracks was proof of intended sabotage, even though these farms had been established decades earlier. In mid-1942, all of California&#8217;s congressmen stated their unequivocal support for removal and internment. Although Executive Order 9066 did not specify any ethnic group by name, in practice it applied to individual Germans and Italians without legal citizenship\u2014and to <em>all<\/em> people of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The US government thus ordered over 110,000 men, women and children of Japanese ancestry to leave their homes in California and parts of other US states. Under the guise of &#8216;military necessity&#8217;, the US Army established ten military-style camps to house the people in remote areas, under guard, for the duration of the war. One of the camps was at Manzano, in the Owens Valley of eastern California. At Manzano, more than ten thousand people spent up to three years behind barbed wire simply because of their ancestry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Owens Valley Reception Centre became the Manzano War Relocation Centre on 1 June 1942, and reached its peak population of 10,046 in September of the same year. With food, housing, healthcare and a clothing allowance provided by the War Relocation Authority, family life continued, albeit under stark conditions. Room assignments kept families together, but they were often required to live with strangers to achieve a total of eight people per room. Privacy was scarce. Rosie Maruki Kakuuchi, a teenager at Manzano, found using the toilets and showers with no partitions particularly &#8217;embarrassing, humiliating and degrading.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Manzano changed substantially between the day it opened in March 1942 and the day it closed in November 1945. The incarcerated transformed the landscape with ponds and gardens. Families welcomed babies and mourned deaths. Schools educated students, internal security helped prevent crime and the fire department extinguished fires. Japanese Americans even organised recreational activities at Manzano. In its first anniversary issue, the <em>Manzano Free Press<\/em> published an anonymous poem about the complexity of life at Manzano: &#8216;Out of smiles and curses, of tears and cries, forlorn; Mixed with broken laughter, forced because they must . . . Out on the desert&#8217;s bosom\u2014a new town is born.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After the war, some Japanese Americans protested the internment by pursuing court cases. But the vast majority did not want to &#8216;make waves&#8217; as they rebuilt their lives. Much later, in 1981, the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) listened to over 750 individual testimonies of survivors of the camps. The CWRIC recommended that the US government make monetary reparations and issue a formal letter of apology. Nearly forty years after the forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans, the CWRIC concluded, &#8216;Executive Order 9066 was not justified by military necessity. . . . The broad historical causes that shaped these decisions were race prejudice, war hysteria and a failure of political leadership.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adapted from the National Park Service, &#8216;Manzano: A Site of Conscience&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color\" style=\"color:#b00012\"><strong>What is the main focus of the text?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>how the attack on Pearl Harbor led to war against Japan<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the history of the internment of Japanese Americans, with a focus on Manzano<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>how Japanese Americans adjusted to everyday life at Manzano<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the history of injustices against Japanese Americans, including internment at Manzano<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The text is about the internment of Japanese Americans, focusing on the historical events leading to imprisonment and everyday life at the camp Manzano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, the main focus of the text is <strong>the history of the internment of Japanese Americans, with a focus on Manzano<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background has-large-font-size\" style=\"background-color:#b1f1f4\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-background-background-color has-background\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>\ud83d\udce2 Read the text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-text-color\" style=\"color:#b00012\"><strong>Claims About Cocoa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chocolate is often used in decadent desserts, but scientists have been trying to determine if chocolate also has health benefits and what those benefits might be. The idea that chocolate might be good for you stems from studies of the Guna, a group of people who live on islands off the coast of Panama. They have a low risk of cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure given their weight and salt intake. Researchers realized that genes weren&#8217;t the reason: those who moved away from the islands developed high blood pressure and heart disease at typical rates. Something in their island environment must have kept their blood pressure from rising.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8216;What was particularly striking about their environment was the amount of cocoa they consume, which was easily ten times more than most of us would get in a typical day,&#8217; says Dr Brent M. Egan, researcher at the Medical University of South Carolina who studies the effect of chocolate on blood pressure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But the cocoa of the Guna is a far cry from the chocolate that most of us eat. The Guna make a drink with dried, ground cocoa beans (the seeds of the cocoa tree) with a little added sweetener. The chocolate we tend to eat, on the other hand, is made from cocoa beans that are roasted and processed in various other ways, and then combined with ingredients like whole milk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Processing can extract two main components from cocoa beans: cocoa solids and cocoa butter. Powdered cocoa is made using the solids. Chocolate is made from a combination of cocoa solids and cocoa butter. The color of the chocolate depends partly on the amount of cocoa solids and added ingredients, such as milk. In general, though, the darker the chocolate, the more cocoa solids it contains. Researchers think the solids are where the healthy compounds are.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the years there have been many studies on the health effects of chocolate. &#8216;We have good science on chocolate, especially about dark chocolate on blood pressure,&#8217; says Dr Luc Djouss\u00e9 of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital. His research team found an overall drop in blood pressure among people who eat more chocolate. &#8216;The results suggest that chocolate may, in fact, lower blood pressure,&#8217; Djouss\u00e9 says. &#8216;This effect was even stronger among people with high blood pressure to begin with.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Laboratory studies have uncovered several mechanisms that might explain chocolate&#8217;s benefits for heart health. However, it&#8217;s hard to prove if the chocolate that most Americans eat actually has those effects on the human body. Controlling how much chocolate people eat and tracking them over long periods is not an easy task.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8216;The clinical trials that have been done in people have all been fairly short,&#8217; says Dr Ranganath Muniyappa, a staff clinician at America&#8217;s National Institutes of Health (NIH) who studies diabetes and cardiovascular health. These studies, he explains, look at cardiovascular risk &#8216;markers&#8217;\u2014factors related to heart health, such as blood pressure\u2014but not actual long-term outcomes like heart disease and stroke.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chocolate contains high levels of compounds thought to help prevent cancer, too. But Dr Joseph Su, an NIH expert in diet and cancer, says that direct evidence for this is similarly hard to come by. Since cancer can take many years to develop, it&#8217;s difficult to prove that eating chocolate can affect the disease. Instead, researchers look to see if factors linked to cancer change when chocolate is consumed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8216;Right now, some studies show really a remarkable modification of those markers,&#8217; Su says. But the evidence that chocolate can reduce cancer or death rates in people is still weak. &#8216;There are a few studies that show some effect,&#8217; Su says, &#8216;but the findings so far are not consistent.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What might be responsible for many of chocolate&#8217;s beneficial effects? Scientists believe it might be compounds called flavanols, which are also found in tea, wine, fruits and vegetables. Different chocolates can vary greatly in their flavanol content. Cocoa beans naturally differ in their flavanol levels. A large portion of flavanols may also be removed during processing. In fact, companies often remove these compounds intentionally because of their bitter taste. The end result is that there&#8217;s no way to know if the chocolate products you&#8217;re looking at contain high flavanol levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although studies of flavanol are promising, scientists agree that you shouldn&#8217;t increase your chocolate intake just yet. &#8216;The science doesn&#8217;t allow us to make recommendations because the evidence is just not there,&#8217; says Muniyappa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adapted from NIH News in Health, &#8216;Claims About Cocoa&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color\" style=\"color:#b00012\"><strong>What is the main focus of the text?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>how chocolate should be processed in order to maximise the health benefits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the numerous health benefits of chocolate and how to achieve them<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>why dark chocolate offers greater health benefits than other kinds of chocolate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the potential health benefits of chocolate and their likely causes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The text focuses on the potential health benefits of chocolate: lower blood pressure, better cardiovascular health and perhaps even lower risk of cancer. It also discusses the compounds in chocolate likely responsible for those potential health benefits: flavanols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So, the main focus of the text is <strong>the potential health benefits of chocolate and their likely causes<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-large-font-size\" style=\"color:#d90000\"><strong>let&#8217;s practice!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-19cd8f96c3472f7ca12863a48e951762\"><strong>Manzanar: A Site of Conscience&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">On Sunday, 7 December 1941, Mary Tsukamoto abruptly stopped practising the piano for her church&#8217;s upcoming Christmas programme when she heard the news: Japan had attacked Pearl Harbour, the US naval base in Hawai&#8217;i. &#8216;The whole world turned dark,&#8217; she recalled. At the same time, Tom Kawaguchi left a public library in San Francisco, a city in the American state of California. On the way home, Tom feared that bystanders were &#8216;ready to pounce&#8217; on him. In the days that followed, all people of Japanese ancestry living in the US came under suspicion. Many politicians, military leaders and ordinary citizens believed that Japanese Americans would side with their country of ancestry, Japan, rather than their country of birth, America. Mary Tsukamoto and Tom Kawagachi were just two of nearly 112,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast whose lives would be forever altered.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">US President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan the next day and on Germany and Italy three days later. Then, on 19 February 1942 he signed Executive Order 9066, authorising the US military to carry out the exclusion and detention of American citizens and resident foreigners. Many people had been persuaded that collaboration from within was responsible for Japan&#8217;s success at Pearl Harbour. California Attorney General Earl Warren and other politicians claimed that the proximity of Japanese-owned farms to airstrips, harbours and train tracks was proof of intended sabotage, even though these farms had been established decades earlier. In mid-1942, all of California&#8217;s congressmen stated their unequivocal support for removal and internment. Although Executive Order 9066 did not specify any ethnic group by name, in practice it applied to individual Germans and Italians without legal citizenship\u2014and to all people of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">The US government thus ordered over 110,000 men, women and children of Japanese ancestry to leave their homes in California and parts of other US states. Under the guise of &#8216;military necessity&#8217;, the US Army established ten military-style camps to house the people in remote areas, under guard, for the duration of the war. One of the camps was at Manzanar, in the Owens Valley of eastern California. At Manzanar, more than ten thousand people spent up to three years behind barbed wire simply because of their ancestry.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">The Owens Valley Reception Centre became the Manzanar War Relocation Centre on 1 June 1942, and reached its peak population of 10,046 in September of the same year. With food, housing, healthcare and a clothing allowance provided by the War Relocation Authority, family life continued, albeit under stark conditions. Room assignments kept families together, but they were often required to live with strangers to achieve a total of eight people per room. Privacy was scarce. Rosie Maruki Kakuuchi, a teenager at Manzanar, found using the toilets and showers with no partitions particularly &#8217;embarrassing, humiliating and degrading.&#8217;&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">&nbsp;&nbsp;Manzanar changed substantially between the day it opened in March 1942 and the day it closed in November 1945. The incarcerated transformed the landscape with ponds and gardens. Families welcomed babies and mourned deaths. Schools educated students, internal security helped prevent crime and the fire department extinguished fires. Japanese Americans even organised recreational activities at Manzanar. In its first anniversary issue, the Manzanar Free Press published an anonymous poem about the complexity of life at Manzanar: &#8216;Out of smiles and curses, of tears and cries, forlorn; Mixed with broken laughter, forced because they must . . . Out on the desert&#8217;s bosom\u2014a new town is born.&#8217;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"has-large-font-size\">After the war, some Japanese Americans protested the internment by pursuing court cases. But the vast majority did not want to &#8216;make waves&#8217; as they rebuilt their lives. Much later, in 1981, the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) listened to over 750 individual testimonies of survivors of the camps. The CWRIC recommended that the US government make monetary reparations and issue a formal letter of apology. Nearly forty years after the forced relocation and internment of Japanese Americans, the CWRIC concluded, &#8216;Executive Order 9066 was not justified by military necessity. . . . The broad historical causes that shaped these decisions were race prejudice, war hysteria and a failure of political leadership.&#8217;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">Adapted from the National Park Service, &#8216;Manzanar: A Site of Conscience&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><div class = \"hdq_quiz_wrapper\"><a href = \"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/e-e-2-analyse-the-development-of-informational-passages-set-2\/\" rel=\"noamphtml\" class = \"hdq_quiz_start hdq_button button\" role = \"button\" title = \"QUIZ START\">QUIZ START<\/a><\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-74ed6cf0dc9dbdc3ebbc707bde4a2627\"><strong>Claims About Cocoa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list has-large-font-size\">\n<li>Chocolate is often used in decadent desserts, but scientists have been trying to determine if chocolate also has health benefits and what those benefits might be. The idea that chocolate might be good for you stems from studies of the Guna, a group of people who live on islands off the coast of Panama. They have a low risk of cardiovascular disease or high blood pressure given their weight and salt intake. Researchers realised that genes weren&#8217;t the reason: those who moved away from the islands developed high blood pressure and heart disease at typical rates. Something in their island environment must have kept their blood pressure from rising.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8216;What was particularly striking about their environment was the amount of cocoa they consume, which was easily ten times more than most of us would get in a typical day,&#8217; says Dr Brent M. Egan, researcher at the Medical University of South Carolina who studies the effect of chocolate on blood pressure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;But the cocoa of the Guna is a far cry from the chocolate that most of us eat. The Guna make a drink with dried, ground cocoa beans (the seeds of the cocoa tree) with a little added sweetener. The chocolate we tend to eat, on the other hand, is made from cocoa beans that are roasted and processed in various other ways, and then combined with ingredients like whole milk.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Processing can extract two main components from cocoa beans: cocoa solids and cocoa butter. Powdered cocoa is made using the solids. Chocolate is made from a combination of cocoa solids and cocoa butter. The colour of the chocolate depends partly on the amount of cocoa solids and added ingredients, such as milk. In general, though, the darker the chocolate, the more cocoa solids it contains. Researchers think the solids are where the healthy compounds are.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Over the years there have been many studies on the health effects of chocolate. &#8216;We have good science on chocolate, especially about dark chocolate on blood pressure,&#8217; says Dr Luc Djouss\u00e9 of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women&#8217;s Hospital. His research team found an overall drop in blood pressure among people who eat more chocolate. &#8216;The results suggest that chocolate may, in fact, lower blood pressure,&#8217; Djouss\u00e9 says. &#8216;This effect was even stronger among people with high blood pressure to begin with.&#8217;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>.Laboratory studies have uncovered several mechanisms that might explain chocolate&#8217;s benefits for heart health. However, it&#8217;s hard to prove if the chocolate that most Americans eat actually has those effects on the human body. Controlling how much chocolate people eat and tracking them over long periods is not an easy task.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&#8216;The clinical trials that have been done in people have all been fairly short,&#8217; says Dr Ranganath Muniyappa, a staff clinician at America&#8217;s National Institutes of Health (NIH) who studies diabetes and cardiovascular health. These studies, he explains, look at cardiovascular risk &#8216;markers&#8217;\u2014factors related to heart health, such as blood pressure\u2014but not actual long-term outcomes like heart disease and stroke.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Chocolate contains high levels of compounds thought to help prevent cancer, too. But Dr Joseph Su, an NIH expert in diet and cancer, says that direct evidence for this is similarly hard to come by. Since cancer can take many years to develop, it&#8217;s difficult to prove that eating chocolate can affect the disease. Instead, researchers look to see if factors linked to cancer change when chocolate is consumed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;&#8216;Right now, some studies show really a remarkable modification of those markers,&#8217; Su says. But the evidence that chocolate can reduce cancer or death rates in people is still weak. &#8216;There are a few studies that show some effect,&#8217; Su says, &#8216;but the findings so far are not consistent.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;What might be responsible for many of chocolate&#8217;s beneficial effects? Scientists believe it might be compounds called flavanols, which are also found in tea, wine, fruits and vegetables. Different chocolates can vary greatly in their flavanol content. Cocoa beans naturally differ in their flavanol levels. A large portion of flavanols may also be removed during processing. In fact, companies often remove these compounds intentionally because of their bitter taste. The end result is that there&#8217;s no way to know if the chocolate products you&#8217;re looking at contain high flavanol levels.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Although studies of flavanol are promising, scientists agree that you shouldn&#8217;t increase your chocolate intake just yet. &#8216;The science doesn&#8217;t allow us to make recommendations because the evidence is just not there,&#8217; says Muniyappa.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">&nbsp;&nbsp;Adapted from NIH News in Health, &#8216;Claims About Cocoa&#8217;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><div class = \"hdq_quiz_wrapper\"><a href = \"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/e-e-2-analyse-the-development-of-informational-passages-set-2\/\" rel=\"noamphtml\" class = \"hdq_quiz_start hdq_button button\" role = \"button\" title = \"QUIZ START\">QUIZ START<\/a><\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-cb20bb6c1b9fc955e6a0fcbfcf5a3b6e\"><strong><div class = \"hdq_quiz_wrapper\"><a href = \"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/e-e-2-analyse-the-development-of-informational-passages-set-2\/\" rel=\"noamphtml\" class = \"hdq_quiz_start hdq_button button\" role = \"button\" title = \"QUIZ START\">QUIZ START<\/a><\/div><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list has-large-font-size\">\n<li>Almost all humans acquire at least one language before the age of five. Although people gain vocabulary throughout their lifetimes, even young children are able to understand and produce complex sentences with complicated meanings. How do children accomplish this remarkable feat in such a short amount of time? Do adults learn language differently from children? Linguistic researchers have long debated the answers to these questions, but most agree that both nature and nurture are involved in language acquisition. They disagree, however, about how much linguistic knowledge children have from birth\u2014and thus whether genetics or experience is more important in language acquisition.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;For many linguists, biological factors are the most important in language learning. Some argue that some linguistic knowledge must exist in our brains from birth because children cannot possibly encounter every feature of their language before the age of five. This argument, called the poverty of the stimulus, contends that children must have an innate language &#8216;device&#8217; to make up for their limited exposure. Indeed, these linguists point out that nearly all children can produce the same kinds of complex sentence structures by the age of five, even without having heard them before.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Many researchers have theorised what this innate linguistic knowledge must look like. One popular theory is universal grammar. This theory posits that all languages have the same basic structural foundation. That foundation is the innate knowledge universal to all humans. While children are not genetically predisposed to speak a particular language, a universal grammar gives them certain linguistic information as a starting point, which allows them to readily acquire the rules and patterns of whichever language they are exposed to.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not all linguists, however, believe that an inborn capacity for language is the most important factor in language acquisition. These researchers place greater emphasis on the influence of usage and experience. They agree that there is an innate component that helps children acquire language; however, they argue that this component is not specific to language. Instead, it is part of humans&#8217; general ability to perceive and organise patterns in the world. These linguists argue that the poverty of the stimulus is a myth: children are exposed to a wealth of linguistic structures over the course of five years. From this input, children act in many ways like mini-statisticians. They gather data and determine language patterns and structures from what they have observed. They also hone in on a particular way of saying things because they have been exposed to that structure more than any other.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Linguists on both sides of the debate are still working to explain the different language learning capabilities of adults and children. Early childhood seems to be a critical period for mastering certain aspects of language, such as proper pronunciation\u2014just ask a native English speaker struggling to roll Rs in secondary school Spanish. Children also tend to have a heightened ability, compared to adults, to learn second languages\u2014especially in natural settings. While adults frequently learn to speak new languages proficiently and may even have some advantages when studying in a formal classroom, they usually do not learn as quickly and easily as children. Indeed, few adult language learners would be mistaken for native speakers of their non-native tongue. Are these varying capabilities a result of differences in how adults and children are exposed to a new language? Are they the result of biological changes that occur at the onset of puberty, or do both biology and experience come into play?&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>While our understanding of language acquisition is incomplete, this pursuit is well worth the effort. &#8216;We still don&#8217;t understand how a child learns its first language, why some children have language disorders or how children and adults learn a second language,&#8217; explains Professor Joan Maling, &#8216;and we still don&#8217;t understand what happens when a stroke or a disease such as Alzheimer&#8217;s seems to wipe out a person&#8217;s knowledge of language.&#8217; Unravelling the process of language acquisition promises not only to help scientists answer these questions and countless others, but also to explain fundamental features of learning and the human brain.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">Adapted from the US National Science Foundation, &#8216;Language and Linguistics: Language Learning&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><div class = \"hdq_quiz_wrapper\"><a href = \"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/e-e-2-analyse-the-development-of-informational-passages-set-2\/\" rel=\"noamphtml\" class = \"hdq_quiz_start hdq_button button\" role = \"button\" title = \"QUIZ START\">QUIZ START<\/a><\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size wp-elements-963f0c12d875c8d5e1bb6bcdad2d68d9\"><strong>The Sky is Falling<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list has-large-font-size\">\n<li>Shoting stars ,or meteors, are bits of interplanetary material falling through Earth&#8217;s atmosphere and heated to incandescence. These objects are called meteoroids when hurtling through space, only becoming meteors for the few seconds they streak across the sky and create glowing trails.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Several meteors per hour can usually be seen on any given night. Sometimes the number increases dramatically; these events are termed meteor showers. Some of these meteor showers occur annually or at other regular intervals as Earth passes through the trail of dusty debris left by a comet. Meteor showers are usually named after a star or constellation this close to where the meteors appear in the sky. Perhaps the most famous are the Perseids, which peak around 12 August every year. Every Perseid meteor is a tiny piece of the comet Swift-Tuttle, which swings by the Sun every 133 years. Other meteor showers and their associated comets are the Leonids (Tempel-Tuttle), the Aquarids and Orionids (Halley), and the Taurids (Encke).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Most comet dust in meteor showers burns up in the atmosphere before reaching the ground; some dust is captured by high-altitude aircraft and analysed in NASA laboratories. Chunks of rock and metal from asteroids and other planetary bodies that survive their journey through the atmosphere and fall to the ground are called meteorites. Scientists estimate that fortyfour tonnes (forty-four thousand kilograms) of meteorites fall to Earth each day. Most of these meteorites are pebble- to fist-sized, but some are larger than buildings. Early Earth experienced many large meteorite impacts that caused extensive destruction. A very large asteroid impact sixty-five million years ago, which created the three-hundred-kilometre-wide Chicxulub crater on the Yucatan Peninsula, is thought to have contributed to the extinction of about seventy-five percent of marine and land animals on Earth at the time, including the dinosaurs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>One of the most intact impact craters is the Barringer Meteorite Crater in the southwestern United States. The crater, which is about one kilometre across, was formed by the impact of a piece of iron-nickel metal approximately fifty metres in diameter. It is only fifty thousand years old and so well preserved that it has been used to study impact processes. Since this feature was recognised as an impact crater in the 1920s, about 170 impact craters have been identified on Earth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Meteorites may resemble Earth rocks, but they usually have a burnt exterior. This fusion crust is formed as the meteorite is melted by friction when it passes through the atmosphere. There are three major types of meteorites: the irons, the stones and the stony-irons. Although the majority of meteorites that fall to Earth are stony, more of the meteorites that are discovered long after they fall are irons; these heavy objects are easier to distinguish from Earth rocks than stony meteorites are.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More than fifty thousand meteorites have been found on Earth. Of these, a tiny 0.2 percent come from Mars or the moon. The remaining 99.8 percent come from asteroids. Contrary to popular belief, asteroids and the meteorites that fall to Earth are not pieces of a planet that broke apart, but instead are the original diverse materials from which the planets formed. As a consequence, the study of meteorites tells us much about the earliest conditions and processes during the formation of the solar system: meteorites can indicate the age and composition of solids, the nature of organic matter, the temperatures achieved at the surface and interiors of asteroids, and the degree to which materials were shocked by impacts. In other words, meteorites provide a window into the origins of the solar system, giving us valuable information with which to better understand the history behind the planets we know today.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\">Adapted from NASA, &#8216;Meteors &amp; Meteorites: In Depth&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-large-font-size\"><div class = \"hdq_quiz_wrapper\"><a href = \"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/e-e-2-analyse-the-development-of-informational-passages-set-2\/\" rel=\"noamphtml\" class = \"hdq_quiz_start hdq_button button\" role = \"button\" title = \"QUIZ START\">QUIZ START<\/a><\/div><\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Analyze the development of informational passages: set 2 key notes : \ud83d\udd39 What is an Informational Passage? \ud83d\udd39 What Does \u201cDevelopment\u201d Mean? \ud83d\udd39 Identify the Main Idea The central message of the passage Usually found in: Ask: What is this passage mostly about? \ud83d\udd39 Supporting Details \ud83d\udd39 Text Structure (Very Important!) Authors organize information in<a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/e-e-2-analyse-the-development-of-informational-passages-set-2\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">&#8220;E- E.2 Analyze the development of informational passages: set 2&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-610","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/610","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=610"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/610\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18354,"href":"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/610\/revisions\/18354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/9thclass.deltapublications.in\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=610"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}