Charged Particles In Matter

Key Notes :-

Basic Concept of Charged Particles:

  • Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms, which are composed of charged particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • Protons have a positive charge (+), electrons have a negative charge (-), and neutrons are neutral (no charge).

Structure of the Atom:

  • Nucleus: The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons.
  • Electron Cloud: Electrons move around the nucleus in orbits or energy levels.
  • Atoms are usually electrically neutral because the number of protons equals the number of electrons.

Ions: Charged Atoms:

  • When an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes an ion.
  • Cations: Positively charged ions formed when an atom loses electrons (e.g., Na⁺).
  • Anions: Negatively charged ions formed when an atom gains electrons (e.g., Cl⁻).

Formation of Ions:

  • Atoms form ions to achieve a stable electronic configuration, often resembling the nearest noble gas.
  • For example, sodium (Na) loses one electron to become Na⁺, and chlorine (Cl) gains one electron to become Cl⁻.

Electrical Nature of Matter:

  • Even though matter appears neutral, it contains charged particles.
  • Friction, conduction, or induction can cause electrons to move, leading to the development of charge on objects.

Conductors and Insulators:

  • Conductors (like metals) allow free movement of electrons, enabling electric current flow.
  • Insulators (like rubber and plastic) do not allow free movement of electrons, preventing electric current flow.

Electrostatic Force:

  • Like charges repel each other, while opposite charges attract.
  • This force plays a crucial role in the behavior of charged particles in matter.

Applications in Daily Life:

  • Static electricity observed when rubbing materials like wool and plastic.
  • Batteries work on the principle of charge separation and movement of electrons.
  • Electroplating and electrolysis involve the movement of charged particles.

Significance in Chemical Reactions:

  • The formation of ions is essential in reactions like ionic bonding, where cations and anions attract to form compounds.
  • For example, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ combine to form sodium chloride (NaCl).

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