Semicolons, colons and commas: review

Key Notes:

Semicolons (;)

  1. Purpose: Used to connect closely related independent clauses.
    • Example: I have a big test tomorrow; I can’t go out tonight.
  2. Use in Lists: To separate items in a complex list where commas are also used.
    • Example: We traveled to Paris, France; Rome, Italy; and Berlin, Germany.
  3. Before Conjunctive Adverbs: Placed before conjunctive adverbs (however, therefore, moreover) when connecting two independent clauses.
    • Example: She loves reading; however, she rarely finds the time.

Colons (:)

  1. Purpose: Introduces a list, explanation, or a quotation.
    • Example: You need the following ingredients: flour, sugar, and eggs.
  2. Before a Quote: Used before a quotation if the quote is preceded by a complete sentence.
    • Example: The teacher reminded us: “Study for your exams.”
  3. In Ratios and Time: Used in ratios (3:1) and to separate hours and minutes (2:30).

Commas (,)

  1. Separating Items in a List: Used to separate three or more items in a series.
    • Example: We bought apples, oranges, bananas, and grapes.
  2. Before Coordinating Conjunctions: Placed before coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) when connecting two independent clauses.
    • Example: I wanted to go for a walk, but it started raining.
  3. After Introductory Elements: Used after introductory phrases, clauses, or words.
    • Example: After dinner, we went for a walk.
  4. Setting Off Non-Essential Information: Used to separate non-essential clauses or phrases that can be removed without changing the sentence’s meaning.
    • Example: My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us.
  5. Direct Address: Used when directly addressing someone.
    • Example: Can you help me, Sarah?

Summary

  • Semicolons link related ideas and organize complex lists.
  • Colons introduce lists or explanations.
  • Commas clarify meaning and separate elements within sentences.

let’s practice! 🖊️