Use semicolons and commas to separate clauses

Key Notes:

Understanding Clauses

• A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a verb.
• Example:
  👉 She went to the market. (Independent clause)
  👉 Because it was raining. (Dependent clause)

Using Commas ( , )

Commas are used to separate independent and dependent clauses when joined by conjunctions.

✅ Rule:
Use a comma before coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) when they join two independent clauses.

Examples:

• I wanted to go for a walk, but it started raining. ☔
• She studied hard, so she passed the exam. 🎓

⚠️ Do not use a comma when both parts are not complete sentences.
❌ Wrong: Went to the store, and bought apples.
✅ Correct: I went to the store and bought apples.

Using Semicolons ( ; )

A semicolon is used to connect two closely related independent clauses that are not joined by a conjunction.

✅ Rule:
Use a semicolon instead of a comma and conjunction to show a close relationship between ideas.

Examples:

• I have a big test tomorrow; I can’t go out tonight. 📚
• She loves to read; her favorite author is J.K. Rowling. 📖

Semicolons with Conjunctive Adverbs

Use a semicolon before and a comma after conjunctive adverbs (however, therefore, moreover, consequently, etc.)

Examples:

• He didn’t study; therefore, he failed the test. ❌📄
• I was tired; however, I continued working. 💪

Common Mistakes to Avoid

🚫 Don’t use a comma between two independent clauses without a conjunction.
❌ I finished my homework, I watched TV.
✅ I finished my homework; I watched TV.
✅ I finished my homework, and I watched TV.

Quick Tips

✅ Use commas with conjunctions.
✅ Use semicolons without conjunctions.
✅ Use semicolons + conjunctive adverbs to show transition or contrast.

Examples for Practice

1. She loves dancing, but she hates singing.
2. He didn’t call me; I was worried.
3. I missed the bus; therefore, I walked home.
4. The movie was long, yet it was interesting.